Contenido del artículo principal
Resumen
Introducción: La incontinencia urinaria ocurre con más frecuencia en el sexo femenino y conforme aumenta la edad, provocando una disminución de la calidad de vida.
Objetivo: Sintetizar la evidencia científica relacionada con las causas, tratamiento y cuidados de enfermería en la incontinencia urinaria.
Metodología: Se ha realizado una revisión bibliográfica sistematizada en las bases de datos Proquest, Pubmed, Google Académico y Scielo, utilizando como términos "incontinencia urinaria" (urinary incontinence), "factores de riesgo" (risk factor), "intervenciones de enfermería" (nursing intervention) y "procedimientos terapeúticos" (therapeutics), con una limitación de 5 años en la búsqueda. Se incluyeron estudios experimentales y de revisión.
Resultados: Se incluyeron 26 artículos: 5 estudios experimentales,18 revisiones sistemáticas y 3 metaanálisis. La incontinencia urinaria está relacionada con la edad, sexo y factores de riesgo, dependiendo del tipo e intensidad de la incontinencia, y características propias del paciente. El abordaje es interdisciplinar, con técnicas menos invasivas al principio, entre las que destacan la terapia conductual y los ejercicios del suelo pélvico; necesitándose cirugía en algunos casos, según las circunstancias individuales de los pacientes y/o la no existencia de mejoría con las técnicas menos invasivas.
Conclusiones: La incontinencia urinaria se encuentra estrechamente relacionada con la edad y el sexo; sin embargo, la existencia de factores de riesgo y algunas causas pueden contribuir a aumentar las probabilidades de su establecimiento. La labor enfermera resulta prometedora en el establecimiento de una detección y actuación precoz ante el problema, teniendo como base siempre para el tratamiento el menor grado de invasión.
Palabras clave
Detalles del artículo
Aviso de derechos de autor/a
© Los autores ceden de forma no exclusiva los derechos de explotación de los trabajos publicados y consiente en que su uso y distribución se realice con la Licencia Creative Commons Atribución - No comercial 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC 4.0). Puede consultar desde aquí la versión informativa y el texto legal de la licencia. Esta circunstancia ha de hacerse constar expresamente de esta forma cuando sea necesario.
Referencias
- Sacomori C, Rodrigues-Vinter C, Flores-Sperandio F, Felden-Pereira É, Luiz-Cardoso F. Propuesta de puntos de corte para diferentes indicadores antropométricos en la predicción de la incontinencia urinaria en mujeres. Rev chil obstet ginecol. 2015; 80(3):229-35.
- Borges CL, Fernandes BKC, Cavalcante MLSN, Barbosa RGB, Peixoto Junior AA, Menezes LCG de. Risk factors for urinary incontinence in institutionalized elderly. ESTIMA, Braz J Enterostomal Ther. 2019;e0619:10.
- Rett MT, Wardini ÉB, Santana JM de, Mendonça ACR, Alves AT, Saleme CS. Female urinary incontinence: quality of life comparison on reproductive age and postmenopausal period. Fisioter mov. 2016;29(1):71-8.
- Dellú MC, Schmitt ACB, Cardoso MRA, Pereira WMP, Pereira ECA, Vasconcelos É da SF, et al. Prevalence and factors associated with urinary incontinence in climacteric. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2016;62(5):441-6.
- Stewart E. Assessment and management of urinary incontinence in women. Nursing Standard. 2018; 33(2):75-81.
- Junqueira JB, Santos VLC de G. Urinary incontinence in hospital patients: prevalence and associated factors. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem. 2018;25:e2970.
- Bekele A, Adefris M, Demeke S. Urinary incontinence among pregnant women, following antenatal care at University of Gondar Hospital, North West Ethiopia. BMC Pregnancy Childb. 2016;16(1):6.
- Pair, LS, Somerall WE. Urinary incontinence: Pelvic flfloor muscle and behavioral training for women. The Nurs Pract. 2018;43(1):21-5.
- Góes RP, Pedreira LC, David RAR, Silva CFT, Torres CAR, Amaral JB do. Hospital care and urinary incontinence in the elderly. Rev Bras Enferm. 2019;72(Suppl 2):S284-93.
- Mendes A, Rodolpho JRC, Hoga LAK. Nonpharmacological and non-surgical treatments for female urinary incontinence: an integrative review. Appl Nurs Res. 2016;31:146-53.
- Bezerra K de C, Rocha SR, Oriá MOB, Vasconcelos CTM, Sabóia DM, Kc B, et al. Interventions for the prevention of urinary incontinence during prenatal care: An Integrative review. Online Brazilian Journal of Nursing. 2016;15(1):1-10.
- Espitia De La Hoz FJ, Orozco Gallego H. Evaluación de la mejoría de la sexualidad en mujeres intervenidas por incontinencia urinaria. Rev Peru Ginecol Obstet. 2017;63(4):537-46.
- Straczynska A, Weber-Rajek M, Strojek K, Piekorz Z, Styczynska H, Goch A, et al. The Impact Of Pelvic Floor Muscle Training On Urinary Incontinence In Men After Radical Prostatectomy (RP) – A Systematic Review. CIA. 2019;14:1997-2005.
- Elaziz NAA, Mahmoud S. Impact of Lifestyle Modification Program on Quality of Life, and Psychological Wellbeing among Elderly Women with Urinary Incontinence. Public Policy Admin Research. 2016;13:64-76.
- Haglind E, Carlsson S, Stranne J, Wallerstedt A, Wilderäng U, Thorsteinsdottir T, et al. Urinary Incontinence and Erectile Dysfunction After Robotic Versus Open Radical Prostatectomy: A Prospective, Controlled, Nonrandomised Trial. Eur Urol. 2015;68(2):216-25.
- Zago AC, Fambrini MAS, Silva EPG, Vitta AD, Conti MHSD, Marini G. Prevalence and knowledge of urinary incontinence and possibilities of treatment among low-income working women. Fisioter mov. 2017;30(Suppl 1):S151-9.
- Roig JJ, De Souza DLB, Lima KC. Urinary incontinence in institutionalized elderly: prevalence and impact on quality of life. Fisioter mov. 2015;28(3):583-96.
- Leroy L da S, Lúcio A, Lopes MHB de M. Risk factors for postpartum urinary incontinence. Rev esc enferm USP. 2016;50(2):200-7.
- Pannek J, Wöllner J. Treatment of stress urinary incontinence in men with spinal cord injury: minimally invasive=minimally effective? Spinal Cord. 2017;55(8):739-42.
- Thomas LH, Coupe J, Cross LD, Tan AL, Watkins CL. Interventions for treating urinary incontinence after stroke in adults. Cochrane DB Syst Rev. 2019 Feb 1;2(2):CD004462.
- Lima SVC, De Barros EGC, Vilar F de O, Pinto FCM, Barros TDP, Truzzi JC, et al. Artificial sphincter “BR - SL - AS 904” in the treatment of urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy: efficacy, practicality and safety in a prospective and multicenter study. Int Braz J Urol. 2018;44(6):1215-23.
- Matsuoka P, Castro R, Baracat E, Haddad J. Occult Urinary Incontinence Treatment: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis—Brazilian Guidelines. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2019;41(02):116-23.
- Zaidan P, Silva EB da. Pelvic floor muscle exercises with or without electric stimulation and post-prostectomy urinary incontinence: a systematic review. Fisioter mov. 2016;29(3):635-49.
- Longo PS, Borbily LV, Glina FPA. Urinary incontinence following subtotal and total hysterectomy: a systematic review. Einstein (São Paulo). 2019 May 2;17(2):eRW432017.
- Bretterbauer KM, Huber ER, Remzi M, Huebner W. Telephone - delivered quality of life after 365 male stress urinary incontinence (SUI) operations. Int Braz J Urol. 2016;42(5):986-92.
- Sanders K. Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence in Women: A Medical and Surgical Review. Urol Nurs. 2019;39(1):29-35.
- Nambiar A, Cody JD, Jeffery ST, Aluko P. Single-incision sling operations for urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane DB Syst Rev. 2017 Jul 26;7(7):CD008709.
- Sun X, Yang Q, Sun F, Shi Q. Comparison between the retropubic and transobturator approaches in the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence: a systematic review and meta-analysis of effectiveness and complications. Int Braz J Urol. 2015; 41(2):220-9.
- Ford AA, Rogerson L, Cody JD, Aluko P, Ogah JA. Mid-urethral sling operations for stress urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane DB Syst Rev. 2017 Jul 31;7(7):CD006375.
- Oliveira L, Dias M, Martins S, Haddad J, Girão M, Castro R. Surgical Treatment for Stress Urinary Incontinence in Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2018; 40(08):477-90.
- Stewart F, Berghmans B, Bø K, Glazener CMA. Electrical stimulation with non implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane DB Syst Rev. 2017 Dec 22;12(12):CD012390.
- Moroni R, Magnani P, Haddad J, Castro R, Brito L. Conservative Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2016;38(02):97-111.
- Matsuoka P, Locali R, Pacetta A, Baracat E, Haddad J. The efficacy and safety of urethral injection therapy for urinary incontinence in women: a systematic review. Clinics. 2016;70(2):94-100.
- Lordelo P, Boas AV, Sodré D, Lemos A, Tozetto S, Brasil C. New concept for treating female stress urinary incontinence with radiofrequency. Int Braz J Urol. 2017;43(5):896-902.
- Laterza RM, Halpern K, Ulrich D, Graf A, Tamussino K, Umek W, et al. Influence of age, BMI and parity on the success rate of midurethral slings for stress urinary incontinence. PLoS ONE. 2018; 13(8):e0201167.
- De Vries AM, van Breda HMK, Fernandes JG, Venema PL, Heesakkers JPFA. Para-Urethral Injections with Urolastic for Treatment of Female Stress Urinary Incontinence: Subjective Improvement and Safety. Urol Int. 2017;99(1):91-7.
- Dos Santos-Junior ACS, Oliveira-Rodrigues L, Castelo-Azevedo D, Almeida-Carvalho LM, Ribeiro-Fernandes M, Oliveira-Sapori Avelar S, et al. Artificial urinary sphincter for urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy: a historical cohort from 2004 to 2015. Int Braz J Urol. 2017; 43(1):150-4.
- Carvalho MRD. Terapias alternativas para la recuperación temprana de la continencia urinaria posterior a la prostatectomía: una revisión sistemática. Enferm Global. 2018;15:1215-23.
- Fu Y, Nelson EA, McGowan L. Multifaceted self-management interventions for older women with urinary incontinence: a systematic review and narrative synthesis. BMJ Open. 2019; 9:e028626.
- Imamura M, Williams K, Wells M, McGrother C. Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of urinary incontinence in adults. Cochrane DB Syst Rev. 2015 Dec 2;(12):CD003505.
- Dumoulin C, Cacciari LP, Hay-Smith EJC. Pelvic floor muscle training versus no treatment, or inactive control treatments, for urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane DB Syst Rev. 2018 Oct 4; 10(10):CD005654.
- Woodley SJ, Boyle R, Cody JD, Mørkved S, Hay-Smith EJC. Pelvic floor muscle training for prevention and treatment of urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and postnatal women. Cochrane DB Syst Rev. 2017 Dec 22; 12(12):CD007471.
- Oliveira M, Ferreira M, Azevedo MJ, Firmino-Machado J, Santos PC. Pelvic floor muscle training protocol for stress urinary incontinence in women: A systematic review. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2017; 63(7):642-50.
- Saboia DM, Bezerra K de C, Vasconcelos Neto JA, Bezerra LRPS, Oriá MOB, Vasconcelos CTM. The effectiveness of post-partum interventions to prevent urinary incontinence: a systematic review. Rev Bras Enferm. 2018;71(Suppl 3):S1460-8.
- Hassan Hussein MA, Mohamed HE-S, El-Nemer AMR. Pelvic floor muscle training program for Egyptian women with neglected urinary incontinence. JNEP. 2015;5(5):92-102.
- Senra C, Pereira MG. Quality of life in women with urinary incontinence. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2015; 61(2):178-83.
Referencias
Sacomori C, Rodrigues-Vinter C, Flores-Sperandio F, Felden-Pereira É, Luiz-Cardoso F. Propuesta de puntos de corte para diferentes indicadores antropométricos en la predicción de la incontinencia urinaria en mujeres. Rev chil obstet ginecol. 2015; 80(3):229-35.
Borges CL, Fernandes BKC, Cavalcante MLSN, Barbosa RGB, Peixoto Junior AA, Menezes LCG de. Risk factors for urinary incontinence in institutionalized elderly. ESTIMA, Braz J Enterostomal Ther. 2019;e0619:10.
Rett MT, Wardini ÉB, Santana JM de, Mendonça ACR, Alves AT, Saleme CS. Female urinary incontinence: quality of life comparison on reproductive age and postmenopausal period. Fisioter mov. 2016;29(1):71-8.
Dellú MC, Schmitt ACB, Cardoso MRA, Pereira WMP, Pereira ECA, Vasconcelos É da SF, et al. Prevalence and factors associated with urinary incontinence in climacteric. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2016;62(5):441-6.
Stewart E. Assessment and management of urinary incontinence in women. Nursing Standard. 2018; 33(2):75-81.
Junqueira JB, Santos VLC de G. Urinary incontinence in hospital patients: prevalence and associated factors. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem. 2018;25:e2970.
Bekele A, Adefris M, Demeke S. Urinary incontinence among pregnant women, following antenatal care at University of Gondar Hospital, North West Ethiopia. BMC Pregnancy Childb. 2016;16(1):6.
Pair, LS, Somerall WE. Urinary incontinence: Pelvic flfloor muscle and behavioral training for women. The Nurs Pract. 2018;43(1):21-5.
Góes RP, Pedreira LC, David RAR, Silva CFT, Torres CAR, Amaral JB do. Hospital care and urinary incontinence in the elderly. Rev Bras Enferm. 2019;72(Suppl 2):S284-93.
Mendes A, Rodolpho JRC, Hoga LAK. Nonpharmacological and non-surgical treatments for female urinary incontinence: an integrative review. Appl Nurs Res. 2016;31:146-53.
Bezerra K de C, Rocha SR, Oriá MOB, Vasconcelos CTM, Sabóia DM, Kc B, et al. Interventions for the prevention of urinary incontinence during prenatal care: An Integrative review. Online Brazilian Journal of Nursing. 2016;15(1):1-10.
Espitia De La Hoz FJ, Orozco Gallego H. Evaluación de la mejoría de la sexualidad en mujeres intervenidas por incontinencia urinaria. Rev Peru Ginecol Obstet. 2017;63(4):537-46.
Straczynska A, Weber-Rajek M, Strojek K, Piekorz Z, Styczynska H, Goch A, et al. The Impact Of Pelvic Floor Muscle Training On Urinary Incontinence In Men After Radical Prostatectomy (RP) – A Systematic Review. CIA. 2019;14:1997-2005.
Elaziz NAA, Mahmoud S. Impact of Lifestyle Modification Program on Quality of Life, and Psychological Wellbeing among Elderly Women with Urinary Incontinence. Public Policy Admin Research. 2016;13:64-76.
Haglind E, Carlsson S, Stranne J, Wallerstedt A, Wilderäng U, Thorsteinsdottir T, et al. Urinary Incontinence and Erectile Dysfunction After Robotic Versus Open Radical Prostatectomy: A Prospective, Controlled, Nonrandomised Trial. Eur Urol. 2015;68(2):216-25.
Zago AC, Fambrini MAS, Silva EPG, Vitta AD, Conti MHSD, Marini G. Prevalence and knowledge of urinary incontinence and possibilities of treatment among low-income working women. Fisioter mov. 2017;30(Suppl 1):S151-9.
Roig JJ, De Souza DLB, Lima KC. Urinary incontinence in institutionalized elderly: prevalence and impact on quality of life. Fisioter mov. 2015;28(3):583-96.
Leroy L da S, Lúcio A, Lopes MHB de M. Risk factors for postpartum urinary incontinence. Rev esc enferm USP. 2016;50(2):200-7.
Pannek J, Wöllner J. Treatment of stress urinary incontinence in men with spinal cord injury: minimally invasive=minimally effective? Spinal Cord. 2017;55(8):739-42.
Thomas LH, Coupe J, Cross LD, Tan AL, Watkins CL. Interventions for treating urinary incontinence after stroke in adults. Cochrane DB Syst Rev. 2019 Feb 1;2(2):CD004462.
Lima SVC, De Barros EGC, Vilar F de O, Pinto FCM, Barros TDP, Truzzi JC, et al. Artificial sphincter “BR - SL - AS 904” in the treatment of urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy: efficacy, practicality and safety in a prospective and multicenter study. Int Braz J Urol. 2018;44(6):1215-23.
Matsuoka P, Castro R, Baracat E, Haddad J. Occult Urinary Incontinence Treatment: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis—Brazilian Guidelines. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2019;41(02):116-23.
Zaidan P, Silva EB da. Pelvic floor muscle exercises with or without electric stimulation and post-prostectomy urinary incontinence: a systematic review. Fisioter mov. 2016;29(3):635-49.
Longo PS, Borbily LV, Glina FPA. Urinary incontinence following subtotal and total hysterectomy: a systematic review. Einstein (São Paulo). 2019 May 2;17(2):eRW432017.
Bretterbauer KM, Huber ER, Remzi M, Huebner W. Telephone - delivered quality of life after 365 male stress urinary incontinence (SUI) operations. Int Braz J Urol. 2016;42(5):986-92.
Sanders K. Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence in Women: A Medical and Surgical Review. Urol Nurs. 2019;39(1):29-35.
Nambiar A, Cody JD, Jeffery ST, Aluko P. Single-incision sling operations for urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane DB Syst Rev. 2017 Jul 26;7(7):CD008709.
Sun X, Yang Q, Sun F, Shi Q. Comparison between the retropubic and transobturator approaches in the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence: a systematic review and meta-analysis of effectiveness and complications. Int Braz J Urol. 2015; 41(2):220-9.
Ford AA, Rogerson L, Cody JD, Aluko P, Ogah JA. Mid-urethral sling operations for stress urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane DB Syst Rev. 2017 Jul 31;7(7):CD006375.
Oliveira L, Dias M, Martins S, Haddad J, Girão M, Castro R. Surgical Treatment for Stress Urinary Incontinence in Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2018; 40(08):477-90.
Stewart F, Berghmans B, Bø K, Glazener CMA. Electrical stimulation with non implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane DB Syst Rev. 2017 Dec 22;12(12):CD012390.
Moroni R, Magnani P, Haddad J, Castro R, Brito L. Conservative Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2016;38(02):97-111.
Matsuoka P, Locali R, Pacetta A, Baracat E, Haddad J. The efficacy and safety of urethral injection therapy for urinary incontinence in women: a systematic review. Clinics. 2016;70(2):94-100.
Lordelo P, Boas AV, Sodré D, Lemos A, Tozetto S, Brasil C. New concept for treating female stress urinary incontinence with radiofrequency. Int Braz J Urol. 2017;43(5):896-902.
Laterza RM, Halpern K, Ulrich D, Graf A, Tamussino K, Umek W, et al. Influence of age, BMI and parity on the success rate of midurethral slings for stress urinary incontinence. PLoS ONE. 2018; 13(8):e0201167.
De Vries AM, van Breda HMK, Fernandes JG, Venema PL, Heesakkers JPFA. Para-Urethral Injections with Urolastic for Treatment of Female Stress Urinary Incontinence: Subjective Improvement and Safety. Urol Int. 2017;99(1):91-7.
Dos Santos-Junior ACS, Oliveira-Rodrigues L, Castelo-Azevedo D, Almeida-Carvalho LM, Ribeiro-Fernandes M, Oliveira-Sapori Avelar S, et al. Artificial urinary sphincter for urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy: a historical cohort from 2004 to 2015. Int Braz J Urol. 2017; 43(1):150-4.
Carvalho MRD. Terapias alternativas para la recuperación temprana de la continencia urinaria posterior a la prostatectomía: una revisión sistemática. Enferm Global. 2018;15:1215-23.
Fu Y, Nelson EA, McGowan L. Multifaceted self-management interventions for older women with urinary incontinence: a systematic review and narrative synthesis. BMJ Open. 2019; 9:e028626.
Imamura M, Williams K, Wells M, McGrother C. Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of urinary incontinence in adults. Cochrane DB Syst Rev. 2015 Dec 2;(12):CD003505.
Dumoulin C, Cacciari LP, Hay-Smith EJC. Pelvic floor muscle training versus no treatment, or inactive control treatments, for urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane DB Syst Rev. 2018 Oct 4; 10(10):CD005654.
Woodley SJ, Boyle R, Cody JD, Mørkved S, Hay-Smith EJC. Pelvic floor muscle training for prevention and treatment of urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and postnatal women. Cochrane DB Syst Rev. 2017 Dec 22; 12(12):CD007471.
Oliveira M, Ferreira M, Azevedo MJ, Firmino-Machado J, Santos PC. Pelvic floor muscle training protocol for stress urinary incontinence in women: A systematic review. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2017; 63(7):642-50.
Saboia DM, Bezerra K de C, Vasconcelos Neto JA, Bezerra LRPS, Oriá MOB, Vasconcelos CTM. The effectiveness of post-partum interventions to prevent urinary incontinence: a systematic review. Rev Bras Enferm. 2018;71(Suppl 3):S1460-8.
Hassan Hussein MA, Mohamed HE-S, El-Nemer AMR. Pelvic floor muscle training program for Egyptian women with neglected urinary incontinence. JNEP. 2015;5(5):92-102.
Senra C, Pereira MG. Quality of life in women with urinary incontinence. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2015; 61(2):178-83.