Contenido del artículo principal
Resumen
Introducción: El acceso vascular sigue siendo uno de los retos más importantes en todas las unidades de diálisis, por todas las complicaciones derivadas de su uso y el gran impacto en la morbimortalidad del enfermo renal. Los tres tipos de acceso vascular más utilizados son la fístula arteriovenosa nativa, el injerto o fístula arteriovenosa protésica y el catéter venoso central.
Objetivo: Analizar y evaluar la situación actual y la incidencia de las complicaciones relacionadas con los diferentes accesos vasculares en hemodiálisis.
Metodología: Se realizó una revisión sistemática en las bases de datos PubMed, CINAHL, SCOPUS y SciELO. Se incluyeron todos los artículos originales de menos de 5 años de antigüedad en los que uno de sus objetivos fuera analizar la prevalencia o incidencia de las complicaciones de cualquier acceso vascular en hemodiálisis en población adulta.
Resultados: El número de artículos para el análisis fueron 15. De ellos, 14 fueron estudios observacionales y uno, un ensayo clínico multicéntrico. Se analizaron datos demográficos de los pacientes, la prevalencia de complicaciones entre todos los accesos vasculares y la incidencia de complicaciones según fístula nativa/protésica/catéter venoso central.
Conclusiones: La fístula arteriovenosa nativa es el acceso vascular de elección ya que tiene tasas de complicaciones muy bajas. De entre ellas, la trombosis, es la complicación con más incidencia. El uso de catéter venoso central todavía es muy habitual, pese a ser el acceso vascular que presenta mayores tasas de complicaciones como las infecciones y la bacteriemia, produciéndose en un 10%-17% de los pacientes portadores.
Palabras clave
Detalles del artículo
Derechos de autor 2023 Miguel Angel Hidalgo-Blanco, Carmen Moreno-Arroyo, María Aurelia Sánchez-Ortega, Marta Prats-Arimon, Montserrat Puig-Llobet
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.
Aviso de derechos de autor/a
© Los autores ceden de forma no exclusiva los derechos de explotación de los trabajos publicados y consiente en que su uso y distribución se realice con la Licencia Creative Commons Atribución - No comercial 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC 4.0). Puede consultar desde aquí la versión informativa y el texto legal de la licencia. Esta circunstancia ha de hacerse constar expresamente de esta forma cuando sea necesario.
Referencias
- Lok CE, Moist L, Hemmelgarn BR, Tonelli M, Varga A, et al. KDOQI clinical practice guideline for vascular access: 2019 update. Am J Kidney Dis 2020;75(4 Suppl 2):S1-164.
- Masud A, Costanzo EJ, Zuckerman R, Asif A. The complications of vascular access in hemodialysis. Semin Thromb Hemost 2018;44(1):57-9.
- Ibeas J, Roca-Tey R, Vallespín J, Moreno T, Moñux G, Martí-Monrós A, et al. Guía clínica española del acceso vascular para hemodiálisis. Enferm Nefrol 2018;21(Supl 1):S1-256.
- Montero RC. Influencia del catéter venoso central, como acceso vascular, en el proceso inflamatorio del paciente en hemodiálisis. [Doctoral thesis]. Córdoba (ESP): Universidad de Córdoba; 2021.
- Andreu Périz D, Hidalgo Blanco MA, Moreno Arroyo C. Accesos vasculares: reto constante en las unidades de hemodiálisis. Enferm Nefrol 2018;21(1):76-80.
- Dwyer A, Shelton P, Brier M, Aronoff G. A vascular access coordinator improves the prevalent fistula rate. Semin Dial 2012;25:239-43.
- Torres-Gómez A, Pérez-Baena A, Pérez-Blasco MJ, Moyano-Franco MJ, Del-Toro-Espinosa N, Jarava-Mantecón C. Tipo de accesos vasculares y su relación con los parámetros de eficacia de diálisis. Diálisis y Trasplante. 2007;28(4):136-40.
- Espinoza-Sánchez I, Peña-León B, Luna-Pérez D, Lezana-Fernández MA, Meneses-González F. Manejo de enfermería en complicaciones de fístula arteriovenosa para hemodiálisis. Rev CONAMED 2021;26(1):48-52.
- Ayala Strub MA, Manzano Grossi MS, Ligero Ramos JM. Fístulas Arterio-Venosas para Hemodiálisis. Nefrología al día 2019;11(1):1-12.
- Urbanes AQ. Interventional nephrology: When should you consider a graft?. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2013;8(7):1228-33.
- Akoh JA. Prosthetic arteriovenous grafts for hemodialysis. J Vasc Access 2009;10(3):137-47.
- NFK/DOQI. Clinical Practice Guidelines for Vascular Access. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006;48(Suppl 1):S176-273.
- Tordoir J, Canaud B, Haage P, Konner K, Basci A, Fouque D, et al. EBPG on Vascular Access. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007;22(Suppl 2):Sii88-117.
- Schwab SJ, Buller GL, McCann RL, Bollinger RR, Stickel DL. Prospective evaluation of a Dacron cuffed hemodialysis catheter for prolonged use. Am J Kidney Dis 1988;11:166-9.
- Moss AH, McLaughlin MM, Lempert KD, Holley JL. Use of a silicone catheter with a Dacron cuff for dialysis short-term vascular access. Am J Kidney Dis 1988;12:492-8.
- Allon M. Quantification of Complications of Tunneled Hemodialysis Catheters. Am J Kidney Dis 2019;73(4):462-4.
- Allon M. Dialysis catheter-related bacteremia: treatment and prophylaxis. Am J Kidney Dis 2004;44(05):779-91.
- Lok CE, Foley R. Vascular access morbidity and mortality: trends of the last decade. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2013;8:1213-9.
- Urrutia G, Bonfill X. Declaración PRISMA: una propuesta para mejorar la publicación de revisiones sistemáticas y metaanálisis. Med Clin 2010;135(11):507-11.
- Vandenbroucke J, Von E, Altman D, Gøtzsche P, Mulrow C, Pocock S, et al. Mejorar la comunicación de estudios observacionales en epidemiología (STROBE): explicación y elaboración. Gac Sanit 2009;23(2):1-28.
- Jadad AR, Moore RA, Carroll D, Jenkinson C, Reynolds DJM, Gavaghan DJ, et al. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: Is blinding necessary? Contr ClinTrials 1996;17(1):1-12.
- Prabhakar B, Sadhu S, Bhatia T. Arterio-venous Fistula for Dialysis-Procedure, Complications and Outcome: EBSCOhost [Internet]. International Journal of Contemporary Surgery 2022 [consultado 8 Mar 2023]. Disponible en: https://ijop.net/index.php/ijocs/article/view/3198/2738.
- Korn A, Alipour H, Zane J, Shahverdiani A, Ryan TJ, Kaji A, et al. Factors Associated with Early Thrombosis after Arteriovenous Fistula Creation. Ann Vasc Surg 2018;49:281–4.
- Bernard V, Anthonissen B, Verger C, Jadoul M, Morelle J, Goffin E. Characteristics, practices, and outcomes in a Belgian cohort of incident home hemodialysis patients: A 6-year experience. Hemodial Int 2022;26(3):295–307.
- Girerd S, Girerd N, Frimat L, Holdaas H, Jardine AG, Schmieder RE, et al. Arteriovenous fistula thrombosis is associated with increased all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in haemodialysis patients from the AURORA trial. Clin Kidney J 2019;13(1):116–22.
- Siyar F, Jamil M, Ali K, Latif H, Pervaiz HK, Kharl RAK. Threat analysis of reasons leading to failure of permanent heamodialysis access. Pakistan Armed Forces Med J 2021;71(3):861–5.
- Coscas R, Petrica N, Massy Z, Jayet J, De Launay J. Readmissions Following Arteriovenous Access Creation for Haemodialysis in a French National Database. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2022;64(6):703–10.
- Kim D, Bhola C, Eisenberg N, Montbriand J, Oreopoulos G, Lok CE, et al. Long-term results of thigh arteriovenous dialysis grafts. J Vasc Access 2019;20(2):153–60.
- Poinen K, Quinn RR, Clarke A, Ravani P, Hiremath S, Miller LM, et al. Complications From Tunneled Hemodialysis Catheters: A Canadian Observational Cohort Study. Am J Kidney Dis 2019;73(4):467–75.
- Donati G, Spazzoli A, Croci Chiocchini AL, Scrivo A, Bruno P, Conte D, et al. Bloodstream infections and patient survival with tunneled-cuffed catheters for hemodialysis: A single-center observational study. Int J Artif Organs. 2020;43(12):767–73.
- Almenara-Tejederas M, Rodríguez-Pérez MA, Moyano-Franco MJ, de Cueto-López M, Rodríguez-Baño J, Salgueira-Lazo M. Tunneled catheter-related bacteremia in hemodialysis patients: incidence, risk factors and outcomes. A 14-year observational study. J Nephrol 2022.
- Labriola L, Seront B, Crott R, Borceux P, Hammer F, Jadoul M. Superior vena cava stenosis in haemodialysis patients with a tunnelled cuffed catheter: Prevalence and risk factors. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2018;33(12):2227–33.
- Szarnecka-Sojda A, Jacheć W, Polewczyk M, Łętek A, Miszczuk J, Polewczyk A. Risk of Complications and Survival of Patients Dialyzed with Permanent Catheters. Medicina (B Aires) [Internet]. 2019 [consultado 7 Mar 2023];56(1):2. Disponible en: https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/56/1/2.
- Ecevit AN, Karaca OG, Kalender M, Darçin OT. Infection rate of tunneled hemodialysis catheters. Duzce Med J 2021;23(1):55–60.
- Yaqub S, Abdul Razzaque MR, Aftab A, Siddiqui NA. Outcomes of tunneled cuffed hemodialysis catheters: An experience from a tertiary care center in Karachi, Pakistan. J Vasc Access 2022 Mar 1;23(2):275–9.
- Chouhani BA, Kabbali N, Chiba Bennani S, El Bardai G, Sqalli Houssaini T. Tunneled catheters in hemodialysis: Indications and complications. JMV-Journal Med Vasc 2022;47(2):87–93.
- Lutz J, Menke J, Sollinger D et al. Haemostasis in chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014;29:29–40.
- Allon M, Daugirdas J, Depner TA et al. Effect of change in vascular access on patient mortality in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2006;47:469–77.
- Rothuizen TC, Wong C, Quax PH et al. Arteriovenous access failure: more than just intimal hyperplasia? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013;28:1085–92.
- Viecelli AK, Mori TA, Roy-Chaudhury P et al. The pathogenesis of hemodialysis vascular access failure and systemic therapies for its prevention: optimism unfulfilled. Semin Dial 2018;31:244–57.
- Blacher J, Guerin AP, Pannier B et al. Arterial calcifications, arterial stiffness, and cardiovascular risk in end-stage renal disease. Hypertension 2001;38:938–42.
- London GM, Blacher J, Pannier B et al. Arterial wave reflections and survival in end-stage renal failure. Hypertension 2001;38:434–38.
- Woo K, Lok CE. New Insights into Dialysis Vascular Access: What Is the Optimal Vascular Access Type and Timing of Access Creation in CKD and Dialysis Patients? Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2016;11(9):1487-94.
- Jain D, Haddad DB, Goel N. Choice of dialysis modality prior to kidney transplantation: Does it matter? World J Nephrol. 2019;8(1):1-10.
- Załuska W, Klinger M, Kusztal M, Lichodziejewska-Niemierko M, Miłkowski A, Stompór T, et al. Recommendations of the Working Group of the Polish Society of Nephrology for the criteria of quality treatment in dialysis patients with end-stage renal disease. Nefrol Dial Pol 2015;19(1):6-11.
- Allon M. Current management of vascular access. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;2(4):786-800.
- Yevzlin AS, Sanchez RJ, Hiatt JG, Washington MH, Wakeen M, Hofmann RM, et al. Concentrated heparin lock is associated with major bleeding complications after tunneled hemodialysis catheter placement. Semin Dial 2007;20(4):351-4.
- Taylor G, Gravel D, Johnston L, Embil J, Holton D, Paton S. Incidence of bloodstream infection in multicenter infection cohorts of hemodialysis patients. Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program, Canadian Hospital Epidemiology Committee. Am J Infect Control 2004;32:155.
- Klevens RM, Edwards JR, Andrus ML, Peterson KD, Dudeck TC, Horan TC. Dialysis surveillance report: National Healthcare Safety Network-data summary for 2006. Semin Dial 2008;21:24-8.
- Patel PR, Kallen AJ, Arduino MJ. Epidemiology, surveillance, and prevention of bloodstream infections in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2010;56:566-77.
- Pivin E, Cunha Moreira Da Silva FA, Calanca L, Déglise S, Pruijm M. Accès vasculaire du patient hémodialysé. Que doit savoirle spécialiste en médecine interne générale? Rev Med Suisse 2019;15:439-43.
- Shechter SM, Skandari MR, Zalunardo N. Timing of arteriove-nous fistula creation in patients with CKD: a decision analysis.Am J Kidney Dis 2014;63:95-103.
- Garnacho-Montero J, Aldabó-Pallás T, Palomar-Martínez M, Vallés J, Almirante B, Garcés R, et al. Risk factors and prognosis of catheter-related bloodstream infection in critically ill patients: a multicenter study. Intensive Care Med 2008;34(12):2185-93.
- Allon M. Dialysis catheter-related bacteremia: treatment and prophylaxis. Am J Kidney Dis 2004;44(5):779-91.
- Gruss E, Portolés J, Tato A, Hernández T, López-Sánchez P, Velayos P, et al. Clinical and economic repercussions of the use of tunneled haemodialysis catheters in a health area. Nefrologia 2009;29:123-9.
- Roca-Tey R, Arcos E, Comas J, Cao H, Tort J. Starting hemodialysis with catheter and mortality risk: persistent association in a competing risk analysis. J Vasc Access 2016;17:20-8.
- Allon M, Daugirdas J, Depner TA, Greene T, Ornt D, Schwab SJ. Effect of change in vascular access on patient mortality in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2006;47:469.
- Astor BC, Eustace JA, Powe NR, Klag MJ, Fink NE, Coresh J; CHOICE study. Type of vascular access and survival among incident hemodialysis patients: the Choices for Healthy Outcomes in Caring ESRD (CHOICE) study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005;16:1449-55.
- Roca-Tey R. El acceso vascular para hemodiálisis: la asignatura pendiente. Nefrologia 2010;30:280-7.
Referencias
Lok CE, Moist L, Hemmelgarn BR, Tonelli M, Varga A, et al. KDOQI clinical practice guideline for vascular access: 2019 update. Am J Kidney Dis 2020;75(4 Suppl 2):S1-164.
Masud A, Costanzo EJ, Zuckerman R, Asif A. The complications of vascular access in hemodialysis. Semin Thromb Hemost 2018;44(1):57-9.
Ibeas J, Roca-Tey R, Vallespín J, Moreno T, Moñux G, Martí-Monrós A, et al. Guía clínica española del acceso vascular para hemodiálisis. Enferm Nefrol 2018;21(Supl 1):S1-256.
Montero RC. Influencia del catéter venoso central, como acceso vascular, en el proceso inflamatorio del paciente en hemodiálisis. [Doctoral thesis]. Córdoba (ESP): Universidad de Córdoba; 2021.
Andreu Périz D, Hidalgo Blanco MA, Moreno Arroyo C. Accesos vasculares: reto constante en las unidades de hemodiálisis. Enferm Nefrol 2018;21(1):76-80.
Dwyer A, Shelton P, Brier M, Aronoff G. A vascular access coordinator improves the prevalent fistula rate. Semin Dial 2012;25:239-43.
Torres-Gómez A, Pérez-Baena A, Pérez-Blasco MJ, Moyano-Franco MJ, Del-Toro-Espinosa N, Jarava-Mantecón C. Tipo de accesos vasculares y su relación con los parámetros de eficacia de diálisis. Diálisis y Trasplante. 2007;28(4):136-40.
Espinoza-Sánchez I, Peña-León B, Luna-Pérez D, Lezana-Fernández MA, Meneses-González F. Manejo de enfermería en complicaciones de fístula arteriovenosa para hemodiálisis. Rev CONAMED 2021;26(1):48-52.
Ayala Strub MA, Manzano Grossi MS, Ligero Ramos JM. Fístulas Arterio-Venosas para Hemodiálisis. Nefrología al día 2019;11(1):1-12.
Urbanes AQ. Interventional nephrology: When should you consider a graft?. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2013;8(7):1228-33.
Akoh JA. Prosthetic arteriovenous grafts for hemodialysis. J Vasc Access 2009;10(3):137-47.
NFK/DOQI. Clinical Practice Guidelines for Vascular Access. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006;48(Suppl 1):S176-273.
Tordoir J, Canaud B, Haage P, Konner K, Basci A, Fouque D, et al. EBPG on Vascular Access. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007;22(Suppl 2):Sii88-117.
Schwab SJ, Buller GL, McCann RL, Bollinger RR, Stickel DL. Prospective evaluation of a Dacron cuffed hemodialysis catheter for prolonged use. Am J Kidney Dis 1988;11:166-9.
Moss AH, McLaughlin MM, Lempert KD, Holley JL. Use of a silicone catheter with a Dacron cuff for dialysis short-term vascular access. Am J Kidney Dis 1988;12:492-8.
Allon M. Quantification of Complications of Tunneled Hemodialysis Catheters. Am J Kidney Dis 2019;73(4):462-4.
Allon M. Dialysis catheter-related bacteremia: treatment and prophylaxis. Am J Kidney Dis 2004;44(05):779-91.
Lok CE, Foley R. Vascular access morbidity and mortality: trends of the last decade. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2013;8:1213-9.
Urrutia G, Bonfill X. Declaración PRISMA: una propuesta para mejorar la publicación de revisiones sistemáticas y metaanálisis. Med Clin 2010;135(11):507-11.
Vandenbroucke J, Von E, Altman D, Gøtzsche P, Mulrow C, Pocock S, et al. Mejorar la comunicación de estudios observacionales en epidemiología (STROBE): explicación y elaboración. Gac Sanit 2009;23(2):1-28.
Jadad AR, Moore RA, Carroll D, Jenkinson C, Reynolds DJM, Gavaghan DJ, et al. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: Is blinding necessary? Contr ClinTrials 1996;17(1):1-12.
Prabhakar B, Sadhu S, Bhatia T. Arterio-venous Fistula for Dialysis-Procedure, Complications and Outcome: EBSCOhost [Internet]. International Journal of Contemporary Surgery 2022 [consultado 8 Mar 2023]. Disponible en: https://ijop.net/index.php/ijocs/article/view/3198/2738.
Korn A, Alipour H, Zane J, Shahverdiani A, Ryan TJ, Kaji A, et al. Factors Associated with Early Thrombosis after Arteriovenous Fistula Creation. Ann Vasc Surg 2018;49:281–4.
Bernard V, Anthonissen B, Verger C, Jadoul M, Morelle J, Goffin E. Characteristics, practices, and outcomes in a Belgian cohort of incident home hemodialysis patients: A 6-year experience. Hemodial Int 2022;26(3):295–307.
Girerd S, Girerd N, Frimat L, Holdaas H, Jardine AG, Schmieder RE, et al. Arteriovenous fistula thrombosis is associated with increased all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in haemodialysis patients from the AURORA trial. Clin Kidney J 2019;13(1):116–22.
Siyar F, Jamil M, Ali K, Latif H, Pervaiz HK, Kharl RAK. Threat analysis of reasons leading to failure of permanent heamodialysis access. Pakistan Armed Forces Med J 2021;71(3):861–5.
Coscas R, Petrica N, Massy Z, Jayet J, De Launay J. Readmissions Following Arteriovenous Access Creation for Haemodialysis in a French National Database. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2022;64(6):703–10.
Kim D, Bhola C, Eisenberg N, Montbriand J, Oreopoulos G, Lok CE, et al. Long-term results of thigh arteriovenous dialysis grafts. J Vasc Access 2019;20(2):153–60.
Poinen K, Quinn RR, Clarke A, Ravani P, Hiremath S, Miller LM, et al. Complications From Tunneled Hemodialysis Catheters: A Canadian Observational Cohort Study. Am J Kidney Dis 2019;73(4):467–75.
Donati G, Spazzoli A, Croci Chiocchini AL, Scrivo A, Bruno P, Conte D, et al. Bloodstream infections and patient survival with tunneled-cuffed catheters for hemodialysis: A single-center observational study. Int J Artif Organs. 2020;43(12):767–73.
Almenara-Tejederas M, Rodríguez-Pérez MA, Moyano-Franco MJ, de Cueto-López M, Rodríguez-Baño J, Salgueira-Lazo M. Tunneled catheter-related bacteremia in hemodialysis patients: incidence, risk factors and outcomes. A 14-year observational study. J Nephrol 2022.
Labriola L, Seront B, Crott R, Borceux P, Hammer F, Jadoul M. Superior vena cava stenosis in haemodialysis patients with a tunnelled cuffed catheter: Prevalence and risk factors. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2018;33(12):2227–33.
Szarnecka-Sojda A, Jacheć W, Polewczyk M, Łętek A, Miszczuk J, Polewczyk A. Risk of Complications and Survival of Patients Dialyzed with Permanent Catheters. Medicina (B Aires) [Internet]. 2019 [consultado 7 Mar 2023];56(1):2. Disponible en: https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/56/1/2.
Ecevit AN, Karaca OG, Kalender M, Darçin OT. Infection rate of tunneled hemodialysis catheters. Duzce Med J 2021;23(1):55–60.
Yaqub S, Abdul Razzaque MR, Aftab A, Siddiqui NA. Outcomes of tunneled cuffed hemodialysis catheters: An experience from a tertiary care center in Karachi, Pakistan. J Vasc Access 2022 Mar 1;23(2):275–9.
Chouhani BA, Kabbali N, Chiba Bennani S, El Bardai G, Sqalli Houssaini T. Tunneled catheters in hemodialysis: Indications and complications. JMV-Journal Med Vasc 2022;47(2):87–93.
Lutz J, Menke J, Sollinger D et al. Haemostasis in chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014;29:29–40.
Allon M, Daugirdas J, Depner TA et al. Effect of change in vascular access on patient mortality in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2006;47:469–77.
Rothuizen TC, Wong C, Quax PH et al. Arteriovenous access failure: more than just intimal hyperplasia? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013;28:1085–92.
Viecelli AK, Mori TA, Roy-Chaudhury P et al. The pathogenesis of hemodialysis vascular access failure and systemic therapies for its prevention: optimism unfulfilled. Semin Dial 2018;31:244–57.
Blacher J, Guerin AP, Pannier B et al. Arterial calcifications, arterial stiffness, and cardiovascular risk in end-stage renal disease. Hypertension 2001;38:938–42.
London GM, Blacher J, Pannier B et al. Arterial wave reflections and survival in end-stage renal failure. Hypertension 2001;38:434–38.
Woo K, Lok CE. New Insights into Dialysis Vascular Access: What Is the Optimal Vascular Access Type and Timing of Access Creation in CKD and Dialysis Patients? Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2016;11(9):1487-94.
Jain D, Haddad DB, Goel N. Choice of dialysis modality prior to kidney transplantation: Does it matter? World J Nephrol. 2019;8(1):1-10.
Załuska W, Klinger M, Kusztal M, Lichodziejewska-Niemierko M, Miłkowski A, Stompór T, et al. Recommendations of the Working Group of the Polish Society of Nephrology for the criteria of quality treatment in dialysis patients with end-stage renal disease. Nefrol Dial Pol 2015;19(1):6-11.
Allon M. Current management of vascular access. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;2(4):786-800.
Yevzlin AS, Sanchez RJ, Hiatt JG, Washington MH, Wakeen M, Hofmann RM, et al. Concentrated heparin lock is associated with major bleeding complications after tunneled hemodialysis catheter placement. Semin Dial 2007;20(4):351-4.
Taylor G, Gravel D, Johnston L, Embil J, Holton D, Paton S. Incidence of bloodstream infection in multicenter infection cohorts of hemodialysis patients. Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program, Canadian Hospital Epidemiology Committee. Am J Infect Control 2004;32:155.
Klevens RM, Edwards JR, Andrus ML, Peterson KD, Dudeck TC, Horan TC. Dialysis surveillance report: National Healthcare Safety Network-data summary for 2006. Semin Dial 2008;21:24-8.
Patel PR, Kallen AJ, Arduino MJ. Epidemiology, surveillance, and prevention of bloodstream infections in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2010;56:566-77.
Pivin E, Cunha Moreira Da Silva FA, Calanca L, Déglise S, Pruijm M. Accès vasculaire du patient hémodialysé. Que doit savoirle spécialiste en médecine interne générale? Rev Med Suisse 2019;15:439-43.
Shechter SM, Skandari MR, Zalunardo N. Timing of arteriove-nous fistula creation in patients with CKD: a decision analysis.Am J Kidney Dis 2014;63:95-103.
Garnacho-Montero J, Aldabó-Pallás T, Palomar-Martínez M, Vallés J, Almirante B, Garcés R, et al. Risk factors and prognosis of catheter-related bloodstream infection in critically ill patients: a multicenter study. Intensive Care Med 2008;34(12):2185-93.
Allon M. Dialysis catheter-related bacteremia: treatment and prophylaxis. Am J Kidney Dis 2004;44(5):779-91.
Gruss E, Portolés J, Tato A, Hernández T, López-Sánchez P, Velayos P, et al. Clinical and economic repercussions of the use of tunneled haemodialysis catheters in a health area. Nefrologia 2009;29:123-9.
Roca-Tey R, Arcos E, Comas J, Cao H, Tort J. Starting hemodialysis with catheter and mortality risk: persistent association in a competing risk analysis. J Vasc Access 2016;17:20-8.
Allon M, Daugirdas J, Depner TA, Greene T, Ornt D, Schwab SJ. Effect of change in vascular access on patient mortality in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2006;47:469.
Astor BC, Eustace JA, Powe NR, Klag MJ, Fink NE, Coresh J; CHOICE study. Type of vascular access and survival among incident hemodialysis patients: the Choices for Healthy Outcomes in Caring ESRD (CHOICE) study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005;16:1449-55.
Roca-Tey R. El acceso vascular para hemodiálisis: la asignatura pendiente. Nefrologia 2010;30:280-7.