Contenido del artículo principal
Resumen
Introducción: La fístula arteriovenosa sigue siendo el acceso más eficaz para la hemodiálisis, pero las mujeres tienen menos probabilidades de recibirla que los hombres. Las razones no están completamente claras. Asimismo, las mujeres presentan un mayor riesgo de mortalidad asociada al mayor uso del catéter venoso central, determinando desigualdades de género en los resultados.
Objetivos: conocer y sintetizar la evidencia científica existente sobre la influencia del sexo en los resultados del acceso vascular para hemodiálisis.
Metodología: se realizó una revisión sistemática siguiendo la declaración PRISMA, con artículos extraídos de las bases de datos PubMed y Scopus (2019–2024). Para llevar a cabo la búsqueda se utilizaron los términos: “female”, “gender” “sex”, “hemodialysis” y “vascular access”.
Resultados: se han incluido 14 artículo, 13 de los mismos corresponden a estudios observacionales, mientras que 1 es un estudio bioinformático. De la síntesis de la literatura revisada aparecen factores fisiológicos (inmunológicos, genéticos, diámetro venoso, embarazo) y factores externos (atención prediálisis y postdiálisis).
Conclusiones: las dificultades que encuentran las mujeres para lograr un acceso vascular exitoso mediante una fístula arteriovenosa no solo se deben a factores fisiológicos, sino a una interacción entre y factores externos, como las prácticas clínicas. Se han identificado mecanismos inmunológicos, hormonales y genéticos que pueden dificultar la maduración de la fístula. Además, las desigualdades en la atención médica, como la mayor dependencia de catéteres y la menor eficacia de la atención prediálisis, contribuyen a peores resultados para las mujeres.
Palabras clave
Detalles del artículo
Derechos de autor 2025 Nuria Carrasco-Carmona, Marta Díaz-Onieva, María Dolores Hens-Rey, Rodolfo Crespo-Montero

Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.
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Referencias
Jha V, et al. Chronic kidney disease: global dimension and perspectives. Lancet. 2013;382(9888):260-72.
Organización Nacional de Trasplantes (ONT)/Sociedad Española de Nefrología (SEN). Registro Español de Enfermos Renales. Informe 2020 [Internet]. [consultado 20 Ene 2025]. Disponible en: https://www.seden.org/documentos/la-enfermedad-renal-cronica-erc-en-espana-2022
KDIGO. Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney Int Suppl. 2013;3(1):1-150.
Registro Español de Enfermos Renales. Informe de Diálisis y Trasplante 2024 [Internet]. Madrid: SEN; [consultado 20 Ene 2025]. Disponible en: https://www.senefro.org/contents/webstructure/MEMORIA_REDYT_2023_prelim.pdf
Ethier J, Mendelssohn DC, Elder SJ, Hasegawa T, Akizawa T, Akiba T, et al. Vascular access use and outcomes: an international perspective from the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008;23(10):3219-26.
Murea M, Geary RL, Davis RP, Moossavi S. Vascular access for hemodialysis: A perpetual challenge. Semin Dial. 2019;32(6):527-34.
Allon M, Robbin ML. Increasing arteriovenous fistulas in hemodialysis patients: problems and solutions. Kidney Int. 2002;62(4):1109-24.
Lok CE, Allon M, Moist L, Oliver MJ, Shah H, Zimmerman D. Risk equation determining unsuccessful cannulation events and access thrombosis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;17(11):3209-17.
Ravani P, Palmer SC, Oliver MJ, Quinn RR, MacRae JM, Tai DJ, et al. Association between hemodialysis access type and mortality. JAMA. 2013;309(5):477-86.
Jeong S, Kwon H, Chang JW, Kim M-J, Ganbold K, Han Y, et al. Patency rates of arteriovenous fistulas created before versus after hemodialysis initiation. PLoS One [Internet]. 2019 [consultado 20 Ene 2025];14(1):e0211296. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211296
Zhang F, Li J, Yu J, Jiang Y, Xiao H, Yang Y, et al. Risk factors for arteriovenous fistula dysfunction in hemodialysis patients: a retrospective study. Sci Rep [Internet]. 2023 [consultado 20 Ene 2025];13(1):21325. Disponible en: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-48691-4
Arenas Jiménez MD, Martín-Gómez MA, Carrero JJ, Ruiz Cantero MT. La nefrología desde una perspectiva de género. Nefrología [Internet]. 2018 [consultado 20 Ene 2025];38(5):463-5. Disponible en: https://rua.ua.es/dspace/handle/10045/81847
See YP, Cho Y, Pascoe EM, Cass A, Irish A, Voss D, et al. Predictors of arteriovenous fistula failure: a post hoc analysis of the FAVOURED Study. Kidney360. 2020;1(11):1259-69. Disponible en: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8815512/.
Hecking M, Bieber BA, Ethier J, Kautzky-Willer A, Sunder-Plassmann G, Säemann MD, et al. Sex-specific differences in hemodialysis prevalence and practices and the male-to-female mortality rate: the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS). PLoS Med. 2014;11(10):e1001750. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25350533/.
Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. Declaración PRISMA 2020: una guía actualizada para la publicación de revisiones sistemáticas. Rev Esp Cardiol [Internet]. 2021 [consultado 20 Ene 2025];74(9):790-9. Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0300893221002748
Von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gøtzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP. Declaración de la Iniciativa STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology): directrices para la comunicación de estudios observacionales. Gac Sanit [Internet]. 2008 [consultado 20 Ene 2025];22(2):144-50. Disponible en: https://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0213-91112008000200011
Satam K, Setia O, Moore MS, Schneider E, Chaar CIO, Dardik A. Arterial diameter and percentage of monocytes are sex-dependent predictors of early arteriovenous fistula maturation. Ann Vasc Surg [Internet]. 2023 [consultado 20 Ene 2025];93:128-36. Disponible en: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10277224/.
Farrington CA, Cutter G, Allon M. Arteriovenous fistula nonmaturation: what’s the immune system got to do with it? Kidney360 [Internet], 2021 [consultado 20 Ene 2025];2(11):1743-51. Disponible en: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8785854/.
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