Barra lateral de artículos

Volumen 25 nº 1 2022
Enviado
27 octubre 2021
Publicado
30 marzo 2022
Descargar
pdf html xml
Estadística
Leer contador : 1686 Descargar : 974

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Métricas

Cargando métricas ...

Contenido del artículo principal

Resumen

Introducción: La lesión renal aguda se ha convertido en una complicación común en los niños hospitalizados, especialmente cuando están en una situación clínica crítica.


Objetivo: Conocer y sintetizar la bibliografía científica más actualizada sobre la lesión renal aguda en la población pediátrica.


Metodología: Estudio descriptivo de revisión integrativa. La búsqueda de artículos se ha realizado en las bases de datos Pubmed, Scopus y Google Scholar. La estrategia de búsqueda se estableció con los siguientes términos MeSH: ”acute kidney injury”, “children” y “pediatric”. La calidad metodológica se realizó mediante la escala STROBE.


Resultados: Se incluyeron 35 artículos, 19 de diseño observacional retrospectivo, 12 observacionales prospectivos, 3 revisiones bibliográficas y 1 estudio cualitativo. No hay variables sociodemográficas destacables que impliquen mayor probabilidad de presentar lesión renal aguda. Tanto la etiología como los factores de riesgo son muy variables. La lesión renal aguda se asocia a mayor número de complicaciones y estancia hospitalaria. No hay evidencia de cuidados enfermeros en la lesión renal aguda en pacientes pediátricos.


Conclusiones: Se observa una falta de homogeneidad en los criterios de definición, incidencia, etiología, factores de riesgo y de tratamiento en los pacientes pediátricos con lesión renal aguda, y escasez de artículos originales de investigación. La lesión renal aguda pediátrica se asocia a mayor mortalidad, morbilidad, mayor estancia hospitalaria y mayor duración de la ventilación mecánica. El papel de enfermería en el manejo del tratamiento conservador y de las terapias de reemplazo renal de este cuadro, es fundamental en la supervivencia de estos pacientes.

Palabras clave

lesión renal aguda niños pediatría hemodiálisis diálisis peritoneal cuidados enfermeros

Detalles del artículo

Licencia

Derechos de autor 2022 Ana Rodríguez-Durán, Julia Martínez-Urbano, Marta Laguna-Castro, Rodolfo Crespo-Montero

Creative Commons License

Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.

Aviso de derechos de autor/a

© Los autores ceden de forma no exclusiva los derechos de explotación de los trabajos publicados y consiente en que su uso y distribución se realice con la Licencia Creative Commons Atribución - No comercial 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC 4.0). Puede consultar desde aquí la versión informativa y el texto legal de la licencia. Esta circunstancia ha de hacerse constar expresamente de esta forma cuando sea necesario.

 

Cómo citar
1.
Rodríguez-Durán A, Martínez-Urbano J, Laguna-Castro M, Crespo-Montero R. Lesión renal aguda en el paciente pediátrico: revisión integrativa. Enferm Nefrol [Internet]. 2022 [consultado 23 Abr 2024];25(1):[aprox. 17 p.]. Disponible en: https://enfermerianefrologica.com/revista/article/view/4467
Descargar cita
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC

Referencias

  1. Parikh RV, Tan TC, Salyer AS, Auron A, Kim PS, Ku E, Go AS, et al. Community-Based Epidemiology of Hospitalized Acute Kidney Injury. Pediatrics. 2020;146(3): e20192821. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-821.
  2. Selewski DT, Goldstein SL. The role of fluid overload in the prediction of outcome in acute kidney injury. Pediatr Nephrol. 2018;33(1):13-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-016-3539-6.
  3. Lebel A, Teoh CW, Zappitelli M. Long-term complications of acute kidney injury in children. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2020;32(3):367-75. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/MOP.0000000000000906.
  4. Uber AM, Sutherland SM. Acute kidney injury in hospitalized children: consequences and outcomes. Pediatr Nephrol. 2020;35(2):213-20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-018-4128-7.
  5. Moore PK, Hsu RK, Liu KD. Management of Acute Kidney Injury: Core Curriculum 2018. Am J Kidney Dis. 2018;72(1):136-48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2017.11.021.
  6. Hassinger AB, Garimella S, Wrotniak BH, Freudenheim JL. The Current State of the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Kidney Injury by Pediatric Critical Care Physicians. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2016;17(8): e362-70. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/PCC.0000000000000857.
  7. Olowu WA, Niang A, Osafo C, Ashuntantang G, Arogundade FA, Porter J, Naicker S, Luyckx VA, et al. Outcomes of acute kidney injury in children and adults in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. Lancet Glob Health. 2016;4(4): e242-50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(15)00322-8.
  8. Rupesh Raina, Abigail Chauvin, Akash Deep. Acute kidney injury (AKI) in paediatric critical care. Symposium: intensive care. 2017;27(5)233-7. Disponible en: https://doi.org//10.1016/j.paed.2017.01.008.
  9. Halle MP, Lapsap CT, Barla E, Fouda H, Djantio H, Moudze BK, Akazong CA, Priso EB, et al. Epidemiology and outcomes of children with renal failure in the pediatric ward of a tertiary hospital in Cameroon. BMC Pediatr. 2017;17(1):202. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-017-0955-0.
  10. Lameire N, Van Biesen W, Vanholder R. Epidemiology of acute kidney injury in children worldwide, including developing countries. Pediatr Nephrol. 2017;32(8):1301-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-016-3433-2.
  11. Kwiatkowski DM, Sutherland SM. Acute kidney injury in pediatric patients. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2017;31(3):427-39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpa.2017.08.007.
  12. Bajracharya P, Kalra S, Dhingra S, Sood A, Yadav AK, Kanitkar M, et al. Acute kidney injury in the pediatric intensive care unit at a tertiary care hospital of the Armed Forces: a cross-sectional observational study. Med J Armed Forces India. 2020;76(1):84-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mjafi.2019.02.003.
  13. Tresa V, Yaseen A, Lanewala AA, Hashmi S, Khatri S, Ali I, Mubarak M, et al. Etiology, clinical profile and short-term outcome of acute kidney injury in children at a tertiary care pediatric nephrology center in Pakistan. Ren Fail. 2017 ;39(1):26-31.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0886022X.2016.1244074.
  14. Richardson KL, Watson RS, Hingorani S. Quality of life following hospitalization-associated acute kidney injury in children. J Nephrol. 2018;31(2):249-56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-017-0450-6.
  15. Lebel A, Teoh CW, Zappitelli M. Long-term complications of acute kidney injury in children. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2020;32(3):367-75. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/MOP.0000000000000906.
  16. Ferreira MCR, Lima EQ. Impact of the development of acute kidney injury on patients admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2020;96(5):576-81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2019.05.003.
  17. Vasudevan A, Phadke K, Yap HK. Peritoneal dialysis for the management of pediatric patients with acute kidney injury. Pediatr Nephrol. 2017;32(7):1145-56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-016-3482-6.
  18. Sanderson KR, Harshman LA. Renal replacement therapies for infants and children in the ICU. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2020;32(3):360-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/MOP.0000000000000894.
  19. Guzzo I, de Galasso L, Mir S, Bulut IK, Jankauskiene A, Burokiene V, et al; ESCAPE Network. Acute dialysis in children: results of a European survey. J Nephrol. 2019.
  20. de Galasso L, Picca S, Guzzo I. Dialysis modalities for the management of pediatric acute kidney injury. Pediatr Nephrol. 2020;35(5):753-65. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-019-04213-x.
  21. Sexton EM, Fadrowski JJ, Pandian V, Sloand E, Brown KM. Acute Kidney Injury in Hospitalized Pediatric Patients: A Review of Research. J Pediatr Health Care. 2020 Mar-Apr;34(2):145-60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedhc.2019.09.009.
  22. Lucena AF, Magro CZ, Proenca̧ MCC, Pires AUB, Moraes VM, Aliti GB. et al. Validation of nursing interventions and activities for patients on hemodialytic therapy. Rev Gaúcha Enferm. 2017;38(3): e66789. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2017.03.66789.
  23. Hutton B, Catalá-López F, Moher D. La extensión de la declaración PRISMA para revisiones sistemáticas que incorporan metaanálisis en red: PRISMA-NMA. Med Clin (Barc) [Internet] 2016; [consultado 24 May 2021] 147(6):262-6. Disponible en: DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medcli.2016.02.025.
  24. Vandenbroucke JP, Von Elm E, Altman DG, Gotzsche PC, Mulrow CD, Pocock SJ, et al. Mejorar la comunicación de estudios observacionales en epidemiología (STROBE): explicación y elaboración. Gac Sanit. 2009;23(2):1-28.
  25. Basu B, Mahapatra TK, Roy B, Schaefer F. Efficacy and outcomes of continuous peritoneal dialysis versus daily intermittent hemodialysis in pediatric acute kidney injury. Pediatr Nephrol. 2016 Oct;31(10):1681- 9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-016-3412-7.
  26. Beltramo F, DiCarlo J, Gruber JB, Taylor T, Totapally BR. Renal Replacement Therapy Modalities in Critically Ill Children. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2019 ;20(1): e1-e9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/PCC.0000000000001754. PMID: 30334906.
  27. Alobaidi R, Morgan C, Goldstein SL, Bagshaw SM. Population-Based Epidemiology and Outcomes of Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Children. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2020 Jan;21(1):82-91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/PCC.0000000000002128.
  28. Chegondi M, Devarashetty S, Balakumar N, Sendi P, Totapally BR. The need for hemodialysis is associated with increased mortality in mechanically ventilated children: a propensity score-matched outcome study. Pediatr Nephrol. 2021;36(2):409-16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467- 020-04703-3.
  29. Fernández S, Santiago MJ, González R, Urbano J, López J, Solana MJ, Sánchez A, Del Castillo J, López-Herce J. Hemodynamic impact of the connection to continuous renal replacement therapy in critically ill children. Pediatr Nephrol. 2019 Jan;34(1):163-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-018-4047-7.
  30. Miklaszewska M, Korohoda P, Zachwieja K, Sobczak A, Kobylarz K, Stefanidis CJ, Goździk J, Drożdż D, et al. Factors affecting mortality in children requiring continuous renal replacement therapy in pediatric intensive care unit. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2019;28(5):615-23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17219/acem/81051.
  31. Riley AA, Watson M, Smith C, Guffey D, Minard CG, Currier H, Akcan Arikan A, et al. Pediatric continuous renal replacement therapy: have practice changes changed outcomes? A large single-center ten-year retrospective evaluation. BMC Nephrol. 2018;19(1):268. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-018-1068-1.
  32. Kaddourah A, Basu RK, Bagshaw SM, Goldstein SL; AWARE Investigators. Epidemiology of Acute Kidney Injury in Critically lll Children and Young Adults. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(1):11-20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1611391.
  33. Hessey E, Morissette G, Lacroix J, Perreault S, Samuel S, Dorais M, Jouvet P, Lafrance JP, LeLorier J, Phan V, Palijan A, Pizzi M, Roy L, Zappitelli M, et al. Long-term Mortality After Acute Kidney Injury in the Pediatric ICU. Hosp Pediatr. 2018 May;8(5):260-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/hpeds.2017-0215.
  34. Safder OY, Alhasan KA, Shalaby MA, Khathlan N, Al Rezgan SA, Albanna AS, Kari JA, et al. Short-term outcome associated with disease severity and electrolyte abnormalities among critically ill children with acute kidney injury. BMC Nephrol. 2019;20(1):89. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-019-1278-1.
  35. Hessey E, Perreault S, Dorais M, Roy L, Zappitelli M. Acute Kidney Injury in Critically lll Children and Subsequent Chronic Kidney Disease. Can J Kidney Health Dis. 2019;6:2054358119880188. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358119880188.
  36. Slater MB, Gruneir A, Rochon PA, Howard AW, Koren G, Parshuram CS, et al. Risk Factors of Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Children. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2016;17(9): e391-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/PCC.0000000000000859.
  37. Sharma M, Mahanta A, Barman AK, Mahanta PJ. Acute kidney injury in children with nephrotic syndrome: a single-center study. Clin Kidney J. 2018;11(5):655-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfy024.
  38. Glanzmann C, Frey B, Vonbach P, Meier CR. Drugs as risk factors of acute kidney injury in critically ill children. Pediatr Nephrol. 2016;31(1):145-51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-015-3180-9.
  39. Riyuzo MC, Silveira LV, Macedo CS, Fioretto JR. Predictive factors of mortality in pediatric patients with acute renal injury associated with sepsis. J Pediatr (Rio J).2017;93(1):28-34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2016.04.006.
  40. Buhlinger KM, Fuller KA, Faircloth CB, Wallace JR. Effect of concomitant vancomycin and piperacillin-tazobactam on frequency of acute kidney injury in pediatric patients. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2019;76(16):1204-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/zxz125.
  41. Downes KJ, Cowden C, Laskin BL, Huang YS, Gong W, Bryan M, Fisher BT, Goldstein SL, Zaoutis TE, et al. Association of Acute Kidney Injury With Concomitant Vancomycin and Piperacillin/Tazobactam Treatment Among Hospitalized Children. JAMA Pediatr. 2017;171(12): e173219. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.3219.
  42. Yaseen A, Tresa V, Lanewala AA, Hashmi S, Ali I, Khatri S, Mubarak M, et al. Acute kidney injury in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome of childhood is a major risk factor for the development of chronic kidney disease. Ren Fail. 2017;39(1):323-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0886022X.2016.1277743.
  43. Kari JA, Alhasan KA, Shalaby MA, Khathlan N, Safdar OY, Al Rezgan SA, El Desoky S, Albanna AS, et al. Outcome of pediatric acute kidney injury: a multicenter prospective cohort study. Pediatr Nephrol. 2018;33(2):335-40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-017-3786-1.
  44. Ferreira MCR, Lima EQ. Impact of the development of acute kidney injury on patients admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2020;96(5):576-81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2019.05.003.
  45. Hessey E, Morissette G, Lacroix J, Perreault S, Samuel S, Dorais M, et al. Healthcare Utilization after Acute Kidney Injury in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2018;13(5):685-92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.09350817.
  46. Tresa V, Yaseen A, Lanewala AA, Hashmi S, Khatri S, Ali I, et al. Etiology, clinical profile and short-term outcome of acute kidney injury in children at a tertiary care pediatric nephrology center in Pakistan. Ren Fail. 2017;39:26-31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0886022X.2016.1244074.
  47. Xu X, Nie S, Zhang A, Mao J, Liu HP, Xia H, et al. Acute Kidney Injury among Hospitalized Children in China. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2018;13(12):1791-1800. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.00800118.
  48. Rustagi RS, Arora K, Das RR, Pooni PA, Singh D. Incidence, risk factors and outcome of acute kidney injury in critically lll children - a developing country perspective. Paediatr Int Child Health. 2017;37(1):35-41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/20469047.2015.1120409.
  49. Manotas H, Ibarra M, Arteaga A, Romero A, Sanchez J. Lesión renal aguda en niños críticos. Acta Colombiana de Cuidado Intensivo. 2018;18(4):207-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acci.2018.06.003.
  50. Searns JB, Gist KM, Brinton JT, Pickett K, Todd J, Birkholz M, Soranno DE, et al. Impact of acute kidney injury and nephrotoxic exposure on hospital length of stay. Pediatr Nephrol. 2020;35(5):799-806. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-019-04431-3.
  51. Choi SJ, Ha EJ, Jhang WK, Park SJ. Factors Associated With Mortality in Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy for Pediatric Patients With Acute Kidney Injury. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2017;18(2): e56-e61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/PCC.0000000000001024.
  52. Nascimento RA, Assunção MS, Silva JM Junior, Amendola CP, Carvalho TM, Lima EQ, Lobo SM, et al. Nurses’ knowledge to identify early acute kidney injury. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2016;50(3):399-404. English, Portuguese. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0080-623420160000400004.
  53. Prendin A, Marinelli E, Marinetto A, Daicampi C, Trevisan N, Strini V, et al. Paediatric nursing management of renal replacement therapy: Intensive care nursing or dialysis nursing? Nurs Crit Care. 2020;26:510-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/nicc.12576.
  54. Andrade BRP, Barros FM, Lúcio HFÂ, Campos JF, Silva RCD. Training of intensive care nurses to handle continuous hemodialysis: a latent condition for safety. Rev Bras Enferm. 2019;72(supl 1):S105-13. English, Portuguese. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0013.
  55. Adejumo OA, Akinbodewa AA, Alli OE, Pirisola OB, Abolarin OS. Knowledge of acute kidney injury among nurses in two government hospitals in Ondo City, Southwest Nigeria. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2017;28(5):1092-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/1319-2442.215130.
  56. Holmes J, Roberts G, May K, Tyerman K, Geen J, Williams JD, et al. Welsh AKI Steering Group. The incidence of pediatric acute kidney injury is increased when identified by a change in a creatinine-based electronic alert. Kidney Int. 2017;92(2):432-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2017.03.009.
  57. Rey Louzao P. Terapias de reemplazo renal continuo en el paciente crítico: puesta al día [Internet]. Udc.es. [consultado 28 May 2021]. Disponible en: https://ruc.udc.es/dspace/bitstream/handle/2183/25506/ReyLouzao_ Paula_TFG_2019.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y.
  58. Práctica y cuidados enfermeros en la hemofiltración continua en UCI [Internet]. Revistamedica.com. 2020 [consultado 28 May 2021]. Disponible en: https://revistamedica.com/cuidados-enfermeros- hemofiltracion-continua-uci/.
  59. Hernández Torres MC. Proceso Cuidado Enfermero en el paciente con Lesión Renal Aguda en Estado Crítico. 2018. Disponible en: https://repositorioinstitucional.uaslp.mx/xmlui/bitstream/handle/i/4601/martha%20cecilia.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
  60. Touza Pol P, Rey Galán C, Medina Villanueva JA, Martinez-Camblor P, López-Herce J, en representación del Grupo de Estudio del Fallo Renal Agudo de la Sociedad Española de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos. Daño renal agudo grave en niños críticos: epidemiología y factores pronósticos. An Pediatr (Barc). 2015;83(6):367–75.
  61. Cao Y, Yi ZW, Zhang H, Dang XQ, Wu XC, Huang AW, et al. Etiology and outcomes of acute kidney injury in Chinese children: a prospective multicentre investigation. BMC Urol. 2013 Ago;13:41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2490-13-41.
  62. Flood L, Nichol A. Acute kidney injury and the critically ill. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine. 2018;19(3):1138. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mpaic.2017.12.006.
  63. Bernardo EO, Cruz AT, Buffone GJ, Devaraj S, Loftis LL, Arikan AA, et al. Community-acquired Acute Kidney Injury Among Children Seen in the Pediatric Emergency Department. Acad Emerg Med. 2018;25(7):758-68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/acem.13421.
  64. Monstserrat Antón y Angustias Fernández. Daño renal agudo. Protocolos Diagnóstico Terapéuticos de la AEP. Nefrología Pediátrica. 2008. [consultado 6 May de 2021].Disponible en: https://www.aeped.es/sites/default/files/documentos/20_.
  65. Herrera-Gutiérrez ME, Seller-Pérez G, Maynar-Moliner J, Sánchez- Izquierdo-Riera JA. Epidemiología del fracaso renal agudo en las UCI españolas: Estudio prospectivo multicéntrico FRAMI. Med. Intensiva [Internet]. 2006 [consultado 2021 May 09]; 30(6):260-67. Disponibleen: http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0210-56912006000600002&lng=es.
  66. Zappitelli M, Bernier PL, Saczkowski RS, Tchervenkov CI, Gottesman R, Dancea A, Hyder A, Alkandari O, et al. A small post-operative rise in serum creatinine predicts acute kidney injury in children undergoing cardiac surgery. Kidney Int. 2009;76(8):885-92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2009.270.
  67. Mammen C, Al Abbas A, Skippen P, Nadel H, Levine D, Collet JP, Matsell DG, et al. Long-term risk of CKD in children surviving episodes of acute kidney injury in the intensive care unit: a prospective cohort study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2012;59(4):523-30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2011.10.048.
  68. Moffett BS, Goldstein SL. Acute kidney injury and increasing nephrotoxic-medication exposure in noncritically-ill children. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;6(4):856-63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.08110910.
  69. Alobaidi R, Morgan C, Basu RK, Stenson E, Featherstone R, Majumdar SR, et al. Association Between Fluid Balance and Outcomes in Critically Ill Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2018;172(3):257-68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.4540.
  70. Westrope CA, Fleming S, Kapetanstrataki M, Parslow RC, Morris KP. Renal Replacement Therapy in the Critically Ill Child. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2018 Mar;19(3):210-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/PCC.0000000000001431.
  71. Vasudevan A, Phadke K, Yap HK. Peritoneal dialysis for the management of pediatric patients with acute kidney injury. Pediatr Nephrol. 2017;32(7):1145-56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-016-3482-.
  72. Kaempfen S, Dutta-Kukreja P, Mok Q. Continuous Venovenous Hemofiltration in Children Less Than or Equal to 10 kg: A Single-Center Experience. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2017;18(2): e70-e76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/PCC.0000000000001030.
  73. Romero García M, Delgado Hito P, de la Cueva Ariza L. Revisión de conocimientos sobre el fracaso renal agudo en el contexto del paciente crítico. Enferm Intensiva. 2013;24(3):120-30. Spanish. Doi: 10.1016/j.enfi.2013.02.001.
  74. Ramírez López, Encarnación Bella; Amador Marín, Bárbara. Las complicaciones de la hemodiálisis y el papel de enfermería: Revisión bibliográfica. Rev Paraninfo Digital, 2014; 20. Disponible en: http://www.index-f.com/para/n20/255.php. [consultado 25 May 2021].